Wednesday, January 4, 2017

James Joyce - Araby (1/4/17)


North Richmond Street, being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers' School set the boys free. An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbours in a square ground. The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.

The former tenant of our house, a priest, had died in the back drawing-room. Air, musty from having been long enclosed, hung in all the rooms, and the waste room behind the kitchen was littered with old useless papers. Among these I found a few paper-covered books, the pages of which were curled and damp: The Abbot, by Walter Scott, The Devout Communicant, and The Memoirs of Vidocq. I liked the last best because its leaves were yellow. The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple-tree and a few straggling bushes, under one of which I found the late tenant's rusty bicycle-pump. He had been a very charitable priest; in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister.

When the short days of winter came, dusk fell before we had well eaten our dinners. When we met in the street the houses had grown sombre. The space of sky above us was the colour of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed. Our shouts echoed in the silent street. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses, where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens where odours arose from the ashpits, to the dark odorous stables where a coachman smoothed and combed the horse or shook music from the buckled harness. When we returned to the street, light from the kitchen windows had filled the areas. If my uncle was seen turning the corner, we hid in the shadow until we had seen him safely housed. Or if Mangan's sister came out on the doorstep to call her brother in to his tea, we watched her from our shadow peer up and down the street. We waited to see whether she would remain or go in and, if she remained, we left our shadow and walked up to Mangan's steps resignedly. She was waiting for us, her figure defined by the light from the half-opened door. Her brother always teased her before he obeyed, and I stood by the railings looking at her. Her dress swung as she moved her body, and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side.

Every morning I lay on the floor in the front parlour watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen. When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped. I ran to the hall, seized my books and followed her. I kept her brown figure always in my eye and, when we came near the point at which our ways diverged, I quickened my pace and passed her. This happened morning after morning. I had never spoken to her, except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood.

Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance. On Saturday evenings when my aunt went marketing I had to go to carry some of the parcels. We walked through the flaring streets, jostled by drunken men and bargaining women, amid the curses of labourers, the shrill litanies of shop-boys who stood on guard by the barrels of pigs' cheeks, the nasal chanting of street-singers, who sang a come-all-you about O'Donovan Rossa, or a ballad about the troubles in our native land. These noises converged in a single sensation of life for me: I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes. Her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers and praises which I myself did not understand. My eyes were often full of tears (I could not tell why) and at times a flood from my heart seemed to pour itself out into my bosom. I thought little of the future. I did not know whether I would ever speak to her or not or, if I spoke to her, how I could tell her of my confused adoration. But my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires.

One evening I went into the back drawing-room in which the priest had died. It was a dark rainy evening and there was no sound in the house. Through one of the broken panes I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little. All my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves and, feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands together until they trembled, murmuring: 'O love! O love!' many times.

At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar; she said she would love to go.

'And why can't you?' I asked.

While she spoke she turned a silver bracelet round and round her wrist. She could not go, she said, because there would be a retreat that week in her convent. Her brother and two other boys were fighting for their caps, and I was alone at the railings. She held one of the spikes, bowing her head towards me. The light from the lamp opposite our door caught the white curve of her neck, lit up her hair that rested there and, falling, lit up the hand upon the railing. It fell over one side of her dress and caught the white border of a petticoat, just visible as she stood at ease.

'It's well for you,' she said.

'If I go,' I said, 'I will bring you something.'

What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and sleeping thoughts after that evening! I wished to annihilate the tedious intervening days. I chafed against the work of school. At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read. The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. I asked for leave to go to the bazaar on Saturday night. My aunt was surprised, and hoped it was not some Freemason affair. I answered few questions in class. I watched my master's face pass from amiability to sternness; he hoped I was not beginning to idle. I could not call my wandering thoughts together. I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me child's play, ugly monotonous child's play.

On Saturday morning I reminded my uncle that I wished to go to the bazaar in the evening. He was fussing at the hallstand, looking for the hat-brush, and answered me curtly:

'Yes, boy, I know.'

As he was in the hall I could not go into the front parlour and lie at the window. I felt the house in bad humour and walked slowly towards the school. The air was pitilessly raw and already my heart misgave me.

When I came home to dinner my uncle had not yet been home. Still it was early. I sat staring at the clock for some time and, when its ticking began to irritate me, I left the room. I mounted the staircase and gained the upper part of the house. The high, cold, empty, gloomy rooms liberated me and I went from room to room singing. From the front window I saw my companions playing below in the street. Their cries reached me weakened and indistinct and, leaning my forehead against the cool glass, I looked over at the dark house where she lived. I may have stood there for an hour, seeing nothing but the brown-clad figure cast by my imagination, touched discreetly by the lamplight at the curved neck, at the hand upon the railings and at the border below the dress.

When I came downstairs again I found Mrs Mercer sitting at the fire. She was an old, garrulous woman, a pawnbroker's widow, who collected used stamps for some pious purpose. I had to endure the gossip of the tea-table. The meal was prolonged beyond an hour and still my uncle did not come. Mrs Mercer stood up to go: she was sorry she couldn't wait any longer, but it was after eight o'clock and she did not like to be out late, as the night air was bad for her. When she had gone I began to walk up and down the room, clenching my fists. My aunt said:

'I'm afraid you may put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord.'

At nine o'clock I heard my uncle's latchkey in the hall door. I heard him talking to himself and heard the hallstand rocking when it had received the weight of his overcoat. I could interpret these signs. When he was midway through his dinner I asked him to give me the money to go to the bazaar. He had forgotten.

'The people are in bed and after their first sleep now,' he said.

I did not smile. My aunt said to him energetically:

'Can't you give him the money and let him go? You've kept him late enough as it is.'

My uncle said he was very sorry he had forgotten. He said he believed in the old saying: 'All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.' He asked me where I was going and, when I told him a second time, he asked me did I know The Arab's Farewell to his Steed. When I left the kitchen he was about to recite the opening lines of the piece to my aunt.

I held a florin tightly in my hand as I strode down Buckingham Street towards the station. The sight of the streets thronged with buyers and glaring with gas recalled to me the purpose of my journey. I took my seat in a third-class carriage of a deserted train. After an intolerable delay the train moved out of the station slowly. It crept onward among ruinous houses and over the twinkling river. At Westland Row Station a crowd of people pressed to the carriage doors; but the porters moved them back, saying that it was a special train for the bazaar. I remained alone in the bare carriage. In a few minutes the train drew up beside an improvised wooden platform. I passed out on to the road and saw by the lighted dial of a clock that it was ten minutes to ten. In front of me was a large building which displayed the magical name.

I could not find any sixpenny entrance and, fearing that the bazaar would be closed, I passed in quickly through a turnstile, handing a shilling to a weary-looking man. I found myself in a big hall girded at half its height by a gallery. Nearly all the stalls were closed and the greater part of the hall was in darkness. I recognized a silence like that which pervades a church after a service. I walked into the centre of the bazaar timidly. A few people were gathered about the stalls which were still open. Before a curtain, over which the words Café Chantant were written in coloured lamps, two men were counting money on a salver. I listened to the fall of the coins.

Remembering with difficulty why I had come, I went over to one of the stalls and examined porcelain vases and flowered tea-sets. At the door of the stall a young lady was talking and laughing with two young gentlemen. I remarked their English accents and listened vaguely to their conversation.

'O, I never said such a thing!'

'O, but you did!'

'O, but I didn't!'

'Didn't she say that?'

'Yes. I heard her.'

'O, there's a... fib!'

Observing me, the young lady came over and asked me did I wish to buy anything. The tone of her voice was not encouraging; she seemed to have spoken to me out of a sense of duty. I looked humbly at the great jars that stood like eastern guards at either side of the dark entrance to the stall and murmured:

'No, thank you.'

The young lady changed the position of one of the vases and went back to the two young men. They began to talk of the same subject. Once or twice the young lady glanced at me over her shoulder.

I lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless, to make my interest in her wares seem the more real. Then I turned away slowly and walked down the middle of the bazaar. I allowed the two pennies to fall against the sixpence in my pocket. I heard a voice call from one end of the gallery that the light was out. The upper part of the hall was now completely dark.

Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.

Thursday, December 15, 2016

Foreshadowing and Symbolism in The Glass Menagerie (Journal #5, Marking Period 2)



It has been said many times that nothing in a play, film, or novel is accidental.
The same holds true for the ominous, almost spectral, portrait of the patriarch of the Wingfield family. His portrait hangs on the wall despite Amanda's supposed dislike of him.

In your journals, please consider the following:

What is the importance of having the photograph of Laura's father showing on the wall? Do you think this will be significant later in the play? If so, how will it be important? Does the picture foreshadow anything in the play?

Wednesday, December 14, 2016

The Southern Gothic Gets Redacted (Journal #4, Marking Period 2)



Many Southern writers were informed by Twain's ability to weave realism, satire, and local color together. Many scholars classify him as an author who contributed to the evolution between the Gothic of Poe and the Grotesque of O'Connor.

Another aspect of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn that carries in the same vein of the Southern Gothic genre is the oppression of African Americans. You can even see evidence of it Scene One of The Glass Menagerie.

In Twain's book, Jim, the ever-faithful and dutiful slave, is depicted by the author with the utmost humanity, while remaining honest in his portrayal of Jim's character as a black male in antebellum America. Through the character of Jim, Twain records the African American experience during this times period. Jim is denied much because of his skin color; however, he stands to loose contact with his own immediate kin. Likewise, Jim faces preconceptions based on his status as a black male. Twain illustrates this point through the relationship between Huck and Jim at various stages throughout the work. Huck comes to view Jim not as a black man, but as his best friend. Due to the trials that they face on the Mississippi River, Huck witnesses Jim's faithful loyalty in the most precarious of situations; thus, Huck is able to cast aside the naturalistic forces that taught him to subordinate African Americans. Instead, Huck comes to view Jim as a endearing companion, a father-figure, and a true friend.

Taking all of this into account, the news came last year that the book would have all language considered insensitive removed from the book.

My question today is:

Why is it problematic to a reading audience to have "offensive" language removed from classic books like "The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn"? Does it run the risk of erasing the historical context of the book in the eyes of the reading public?

Monday, December 12, 2016

The Glass Menagerie - Scene 4 Questions: The Thin Line (12/12/16)


As we go from children to teens to adulthood, we seldom stop to think about how difficult it can be for people to raise children in today's world. Truth be told, it was always hard.

As long as people have been young, there has always been temptation. Even more true, there has always been resentment. Are their instances where this does not exist?

Of course.

For some, raising children is not as hard as it is for others.
In the case of the Wingfield family, there is a growing hostility that threatens to destroy the line between love and hate - concern and overbearing, meddlesome behavior.

As children, we often tell ourselves that we will be different from our own parents. The truth is that's very hard to accomplish. We are the sum total of our experiences.

Southern Gothic relies heavily on the idea that parents/authority figures (especially ones like Laura Wingfield) lord over their children in a way that is overbearing because they are trying to deal with their feelings of inadequacy as people...and parents.

This is key to understanding intricate psychology that is the "push-pull" in the Wingfield family.

1. Choose one important symbol in this scene. Discuss why the symbol is appropriate to the character it is associated with.
2 Give two themes that are suggested in this scene. For each theme statement, provide supporting details.
3. Outline an unresolved conflict in this scene. Discuss why the conflict is unresolved.
4. The scene ends with Amanda making a telephone call to sell magazine subscriptions. Briefly explain why the scene ends this way.

5. What are Amanda's concerns about Tom?
6. Are they legitimate (meaning, does she have good reason to be afraid for him)?
7. Do you think her concern has in any way shaped the way he is? Explain.

8. How have your parents or guardians shaped you, in either positive or negative ways?
9. What have your parents done or said to cause you have to develop these character traits?
10. What will you do to influence your own children (or children you may already influence in some way, such as a niece or nephew, etc)?




Questions for Scene Four are due at the end of class, Wednesday (12/14/16). Please keep in mind that this is a 25 point assignment. I would like to see well formed responses and complete sentences.

Monday, December 5, 2016

The Weight (Journal #3, Marking Period 2)


In Scene Two, we discover that Laura has been lying to Amanda about something very important. Amanda's reaction is equal parts outrage and distress.

In the midst of this, we find out that Amanda belongs to the D.A.R.

What is this organization and what are they about?

Does her membership in this organization strike you as a bit strange?
Why or why not?

We also find out that Laura is literally and figuratively "crippled" under the weight of her mother's expectations for her.

On a personal level, please answer this question as well:

Have you ever done something that has disappointed someone who has great expectations for you?
Have you ever felt that you did not want what someone else wanted for you?
Was this a burden to you?
Was there some other way to handle this issue?

What became of the situation when it was settled?

The Glass Menagerie - Scene One Questions (12/5/16)



The following questions are due on Wednesday, 12/7/16. They should be shared with me using Googledocs.

1) Describe what Amanda, the mother, is expecting, the event for which she is waiting.
2) Then, speculate on how Tom and Laura might be feeling about her expectations.
3) Do Tom and Laura share her expectations? How do they react to their mother's behavior?
4) How does the dialogue and the action lead you to believe your opinion?
5) Since The Glass Menagerie is a memory play (and a Coming of Age story), it puts the reader in the place of Tom and Laura as the recipients of Amanda's smothering behavior. How might you feel if you were Tom?
6) How might you feel if you were Laura?
7) Why do you believe Laura tells Tom they should allow their mother to tell her stories, even if they have heard them before? Is this kindness or cruelty? Explain.

Thursday, December 1, 2016

The Memoir Essay (Journal #2, Marking Period 2)



Writing a Memoir Essay

This play lends itself to writing what is called a memoir essay. A memoir essay takes an event from memory and shows its significance.

Begin by making a list of at least five significant memories. Usually, this assignment works best when you avoid “bad” memories and instead stick to good ones. One of my earliest childhood memories centers around sitting in the backseat of my father's car and listening to the radio whenever we went anywhere. I remember how much music shaped my childhood. I remember asking my father to buy me my first guitar because I wanted to learn how to play the songs I loved.

Think of your own memories.

Once you have a list, choose one of these to be the subject of their paper. Your essay should run one to two pages in length.

What the paper must have:

You need to use details (sight, sound, scent, touch) in order to create the scene so that a reader can visualize the setting of the memory.

You must choose whether to tell the memory in chronological order or tell it as a flashback (looking back on the memory from the present time).

You must describe the characters’ personalities and characteristics. You need to make them come alive. You should include detail, description and dialogue.

The essay should have a balance between thought and action. Things should happen in the paper, but you also need to explain the meaning behind the action.

By the end of the paper, you need to show the reader why the memory is important. For instance, using my memory of my listening to music as a child, I can give the reader some idea of the events that shaped my life. In fact, they springboard into more adult memories. I can't help but think about how music has given me everything I have in this life. I don't know where I would be without music. I really don't.